Fiscal disequilibrium causes budget deficit. The budget deficit is usually financed by borrowing from central bank, which increases monetary base and money supply followed by a rise in price level and inflation. The process of generating revenue and financing budget deficit by creating inflation is also known as inflation tax. Relationship between inflation and income generated by this process is not linear. The government income at first has increasing trend, and after reaching its maximum point would fall. It is very similar to the LAFER CURVE. In this paper, the inflation propensity of money velocity has been determined by using the monetary and fiscal data, which has been used to obtain the optimum size of money growth. The optimum size shows that how much money should be printed by government without generating inflation.   ,  

In this paper, we apply partial adjustment model in order to study the effects of economic, demographic, insurance and other factors on targeted income of Iran is Social Security Organization for the period of 1961 - 2001. Our findings show some variables such as bureaucracy, costs of changes, habits, organizational and institutional constraints would delay reaching the targeted income. The estimated elasticties imply the variables such as minimum wages, number of insurers, and social security tax, would speed up reaching the targeted income. To increase the effects of these factors, an increase in labor intensity of product, capital, and output of economic sectors, are suggested.  

Background and Aim: Considering the importance of the design of framework in the stress distribution and probability of creating initial cracks in connectors region, proper design of framework is considered as a requirement. For this purpose, in order to examine the stress distribution in two designs of straight and CURVEd framework, comparison was made using FEM method.Materials and Methods: Research using a descriptive method of FEM was performed. A laboratory prototype was produced and was scanned in a digital form, using CMM equipment by the laboratory and a super spot from the geometry of the part was created. The super spot was transformed to a 3D solid model by utilizing Catia software. The above model was divided into a high number small elements, using Meshing method, by Abaqus software to analyze the finite elements. Afterwards, by Boundary Condition definition, the part was ready to be analyzed. The mechanical properties of Zirconia was entered into the software in the form of a table. Reviewing stress distribution in the bridge specially with the stress on connectors region was performed. Three vertical loading models for each part were applied in central and distal Fosa and analyzed separately.Results: In this study, the findings were described in the form of Von mises stress in Mpa scale. The stress in the CURVEd model was more than the Straight model. As a result, the stress distribution is more desirable.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the straight model showed a more desirable stress distribution compared with the CURVEd model. However, it should be noted that these results were obtained in F.E. environment.

The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between inflation, unemployment and economic growth in terms of the Phillips, Okun and Aggregate supply CURVEs. In this regard, we use nonlinear smooth transition autoregressive methods during the period from 1380 to 1393. The results show that A) Based on the Terasvirta Test, the Phillips CURVE follows the nonlinear logistic model; the Okun CURVE follows the exponential nonlinear model and the aggregate supply follows the linear model. B) The Phillips model follows two regimes; in the down regime, the relationship between inflation and unemployment is positive and in the up regime, this is a negative relationship. C) The Okun model follows two regimes that, in down regime, has a negative relationship between economic growth and unemployment; but in up regime, the relationship between economic growth and unemployment is positive. D) The relationship between economic growth and inflation is positive.

Elliptic CURVE cryptosystems (ECC) are new generations of public key cryptosystems that have a smaller key size for the same level of security. The exponentiation on elliptic CURVE is the most important operation in ECC, so when the ECC is put into practice, the major problem is how to enhance the speed of the exponentiation. It is thus of great interest to develop algorithms for exponentiation, which allow e cient implementations of ECC. In this paper, we improve e cient algorithm for exponentiation on elliptic CURVEs de ned over Fp in terms of a ne coordinates. The algorithm computes 2n2(2n1P +Q) directly from random points P and Q on an elliptic CURVE, without computing the intermediate points. Moreover, we apply the algorithm to exponentiation on elliptic CURVEs with width{w Mutual Opposite Form (wMOF) and analyze their computational complexity. This algorithm can speed up the wMOF exponentiation of elliptic CURVEs of size 160{bit about (21. 7%) as a result of its implementation with respect to a ne coordinates.